#Pluripotent stem cells how to
#Pluripotent stem cells skin

More recently, Tsai et al., demonstrated that mouse iPS cells could be generated from the skin hair follicle papilla (DP) cell with Oct4 alone since the skin hair follicle papilla cells expressed endogenously three of the four reprogramming factors: Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4. This suggests that endogenous expression of transcription factors, that maintaining stemness, have a role in the reprogramming process of pluripotency. showed that mouse neural stem cells, expressing high endogenous levels of Sox2, can be reprogrammed into iPS cells by transduction Oct4 together with either Klf4 or c-Myc. Valproic acid enables efficient reprogramming of primary human fibroblasts with only Oct4 and Sox2.

Huangfu et al., reported that 5-azacytidine, DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, and valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, improved reprogramming of MEF by more than 100 folds. They combined Oct4/Klf4 transduction with BIX-01294 and BayK8644s and derived MEF into iPS cells. Shi et al., demonstrated that small molecules, able to compensate for Sox2, could successfully reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) into iPS cells. Various growth factors and chemical compounds have recently been found to improve the induction efficiency of iPS cells. MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast SkM: Skeletal myoblast Inhibitors improve reprogramming efficiencyĪ83-01, CHIR99021, PD0325901, sodium butyrate, and Y-27632 The purpose of this paper is to summarize the recent progresses in iPS cell development and iPS cell-based therapy, and describe patient specific iPS cells as a disease model, analyze the problems and considerations of iPS therapy in the clinical treatment of disease.ĭNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase

#Pluripotent stem cells how to

It is expected that iPS cells will help researchers learn how to reprogram cells to repair damaged tissues in the human body. Furthermore, tissues derived from iPS cells will be a nearly identical match to the cell donor, which is an important factor in research of disease modeling and drug screening. The breakthrough discovery of iPS cells allow researchers to obtain pluripotent stem cells without the controversial use of embryos, providing a novel and powerful method to 'de-differentiate' cells whose developmental fates had been traditionally assumed to be determined.

iPS cells are similar to ES cells in many aspects, including the expression of ES cell markers, chromatin methylation patterns, embryoid body formation, teratoma formation, viable chimera formation, pluripotency and the ability to contribute to many different tissues in vitro. Human iPS cells were first independently produced by Yamanaka’s and Thomson’s groups from human fibroblasts in late 2007. Mouse iPS cells from mouse fibroblasts were first reported in 2006 by the Yamanaka lab at Kyoto University. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, are a type of pluripotent stem cell derived from adult somatic cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem (ES) cell-like state through the forced expression of genes and factors important for maintaining the defining properties of ES cells.